1991 Geo Metro Convertible I drive this car daily back and forth from work in all kinds of weather and it performs perfectly.
Motor
D&D Motor Systems, Inc. 170-015-0004 6.7 Series Wound DC 18 HP Continuous 49 Peak I've been very happy with this motor. It performs perfectly and barely gets warm. Im glad to see there is an alternative to more expensive offerings from Advanced and Netgain.
D&D people are great to deal with and shipped me my new bigger motor in 2 days. I absolutely reccomend them.
Drivetrain
original transmission 4.39 gears in convertible transmissions, different than regular metro
Controller
Curtis 1221C 120 volt 400 amp
Batteries
10 Everstart 27DC-6, 12.00 Volt, Lead-Acid, Flooded Wal-Mart's finest deep cycle 115ah Very easy to exchange for warranty issues. Made by Johnson controls or exide depending where you live.
System Voltage
120 Volts
Charger
Manzanita Micro PFC20 Im lucky enough to have a really cool friend who lent me his pfc-20. This thing is awesome. Im still looking to buy a 120v charger. Anyone? Looking for russco,zivan,or manzanito.
Heater
no point, the top is always down! looking into 110v recirculating tank heater to keep the windshield clear before leaving for work. Heater is on hold until it gets cold again.
DC/DC Converter
yuasa battery tender for motorcycles no dc/dc converter, just a small motorcycle type battery charger for the car's original group 26 battery
Instrumentation
0-400 amp meter and 0-150 volt meter installed on dash
Top Speed
65 MPH (104 KPH) 65 mph on the highway easily, maybe more
Acceleration
13.8 seconds 1/8 mile measured in competition at Penn State. Alot better now on 120 volts than the 72 volts i was running. Im pretty sure its faster than a gas metro now.
Range
42 Miles (67 Kilometers) 42 miles at 35 mph. Measured in competition at Penn State. They use a 1 mile banked oval test track. This is with 10 new 27dc-6 batteries.
Watt Hours/Mile
Usually pull around 100 amps going 35-45 mph
EV Miles
Start:
91,429 Miles (147,109 Kilometers)
Current:
94,300 Miles (151,728 Kilometers)
Total:
2,871 Miles (4,619 Kilometers)
As of 6/16/2009
Seating Capacity
2 adults and 7.15cu foot cargo (also measured in comp)
Curb Weight
2,100 Pounds (954 Kilograms) Now officially weighed using individual scales under each wheel. Very expensive looking scales used at competition. Right Front 540lbs Left Front 480lbs Right Rear 550lbs Left Rear 530lbs Not Bad!
Tires
155/80r13 1.4" taller than stock throws speedo off at least 5 mph
Conversion Time
12/24/07-04/03/07 a couple of nights after work and some Sundays, although its never truly finished
Conversion Cost
Less than $4000 Including every little nut and bolt.
Additional Features
I built this car myself in my garage at night after work. I built the adapter from a plate of aluminum and the coupler from a love-joy style coupler that i got at a farm store. I just bought a trailer that i will load up with batteries to make it to our monthly eecv meetings. Its over the bridge in plymouth meeting, pa and about 50 miles round trip. I could put more batteries in the car, but for 90 percent of what i do the range is fine. So the trailer will give me extra range only when i need it.
Im wondering how to get this inspected. i brought it to the inspection station and they just scratched their heads in confusion. Check out our club www.eevc.info
11/22/2008 Its very cold today (below freezing) but the metro made it to work no problem. Ill charge there and then drive home. The trailer is finished and greatly increased my range. The car is slower pulling all that weight. Time to increase the voltage!!
4/06/2009 Installed 120v Curtis controller today (thanks Alan). Added 4 more batteries to bring pack to 120v. Car is actually fast now. I should have more range too. I will know soon. I can actually keep up with traffic on the highway now with no problem.
04/17-04/19 2009 Entered 21st Century Automotive Challenge at Penn State, Was a lot of fun, please check it out.
05/09 Driving the car a lot and smiling as I watch gas prices climb.
1993 Eagle Talon Bought from an individual with blown engine for $750.
Motor
D&D Motor Systems, Inc. 170-004-0003 Series Wound DC 10 HP continuous, 40 peak.
Controller
Kelly KD84600 24V-84V at 600 amps. (although it only pulls 300 ams from the batteries max.. I suspect a different controller would speed the car up some)
Batteries
9 Trojan T-875, 8.00 Volt, Lead-Acid, Flooded 3 in front, 6 in rear cargo area.
System Voltage
72 Volts
Charger
KIPOINT Two chargers used. One is a 24V smart charger for front 2 batteries, and another 48V smart charger for rear batteries.
Heater
None yet..
DC/DC Converter
Not using one, I have a 12V AGM Wheelchair battery with its own seperate 2 amp charger that charges whenever the car is plugged in.
Instrumentation
Custom instrument panel with seperate LED digital voltmeters for main pack, and 12V system. Also have a Paktrakr (heavily modified for dash with larger screen) and 3 temperature guages. All have backlights that come on when the lights are turned on.
Top Speed
54 MPH (86 KPH) Top speed is 54, but that is rarelly attainable unless you have a very flat or downhill road and it takes about half a mile or more to reach that speed. Steep hills can slow it down to as low as 25 mph.
Acceleration
On flat ground:
0 to 20 in about 7 seconds
0 to 50 in about 40 seconds
If there are any hills, then it can be much worse.
Range
20 Miles (32 Kilometers) I get about 14 miles to 50% DOD. I have never taken it past that yet, but I would assume it could go to 20 miles to 80% DOD. I live in a very hilly area, bad for EVs. I imagine it would get better range in flat areas.
Watt Hours/Mile
I don't know how to calculate this.
EV Miles
Start:
192,228 Miles (309,294 Kilometers)
Current:
192,635 Miles (309,949 Kilometers)
Total:
407 Miles (654 Kilometers)
As of 8/7/2008
Seating Capacity
4 adults. (although only practical for 2 adults and 2 children)
Curb Weight
0 I think the car weighs about what it did from the factory, except much of the weight has shifted to the rear.
Tires
205/55R16 inflated to 44 psi.
Conversion Time
100 hours so far
Conversion Cost
$6,300 including vehicle.
Additional Features
Working on electric Power Steering and Power Brakes. I have all the parts, just need to built brackets and hoses.
Vehicle is not finished. However, it is getting very close. All that remains is power brakes, power steering, and minor cosmetic work.
1986 Honda CRX This is a newly converted electric vehicle with a 5 speed transmission which has been built to be sold.
Motor
D&D Motor Systems, Inc. 170-004-0003 Series Wound DC It is rated at twelve Horse-Power continuous and forty HP Peak at 72 VDC. It can be run as high as 144 VDC for higher HP. Weighs 62 lbs. and measures 6.7 " dia. x 12.28 " long.
Drivetrain
Manual drivetrain but it is a clutchless system. Letting off on the accelerating pedal to shift is all is needed.
Controller
Alltrax 7245 (24-72Vdc) 450amp Included in this kit is a state-of-the-art PWM (pulse width modulation) MOSFET (metal oxide semiconductor field effect transitor). and are fully programable. You can even monitor the motor parameters while driving using a laptop computer. For more information and software see their website.
Batteries
9 Energizer 001194, 8.00 Volt, Lead-Acid, Flooded 110 reserve capacity
System Voltage
72 Volts
Charger
Schumacher SE-1072 5-10 amp (adustable voltage 12-72 VDC
It's not installed in the car but could be
Heater
The car doesn't have a heater but you can get those propane ceramic heaters that are flameless that have 2000 BTU to 3000 BTUs of heat for around $60. Also you can use electric 12 volt heaters that plug into the cigaret lighter slot. The venilation ducts and fan still are workable if wanting to make for use.
Instrumentation
0-150 VDC Volt Meter
50mv-500 amp Meter
Top Speed
50 MPH (80 KPH) Speeds up to 50 MPH can be reached, which is what I got with this car with recent testing. It will get between 25 to 50 miles on a charge depending on driving habit, your speed, etc. Faster speeds (55 to 60 MPH) can probably be obtained in warmer weather being that there is a 25% loss in efficiency with the batteries in cold weather which we are currently having. Also the brushes on the motor are new and once they are worn in it will pick up speed and range.
Acceleration
Good acceleration up to 40 mph as a normal fuel engine would. Then up to 50 mph it takes a little more time.
Range
25 Miles (40 Kilometers) You can get range of 25 to 50 miles according to driving habits and many other factors; weight of car, how many batteries use and type, driving terrain, driving habits, etc. before having to recharge. One other thing is the less amps you use the farther the range you will get. You can control that by shifting to lower gears at the higher speeds. It works like an automatic, different than your normal shifting of a standard car. As the new batteries cycle through after 16 to 20 charges there will also be a noticeable difference in the range per charge.
Watt Hours/Mile
240 Wh/Mile If down shifting while maintaining higher speeds will maintain 100 amp draw.
EV Miles
Start:
262,980 Miles (423,134 Kilometers)
Current:
262,992 Miles (423,154 Kilometers)
Total:
12 Miles (19 Kilometers)
As of 2/2/2007
Seating Capacity
2 seats
Curb Weight
2,370 Pounds (1,077 Kilograms) This is the weight shown on the door.
Tires
1 spare tire
Additional Features
2 amp float charger included for accessory battery.
Other vehicles are for sale that we convert.
More cars will be made in the future and can be found at this site:
Car / Electric Vehicles (EV) Photo Gallery Click image to view details.
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Mitsubishi Eclipse
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Owner
Shaun
Location
Delavan- Wisconsin US map
Vehicle
1998 Mitsubishi Eclipse
Motor
D&D Motor Systems- Inc. Series Wound DC
Controller
Alltrax 7245 pwm
Batteries
9- 8.00 Volt-
System Voltage
72 Volts
Heater
Electric
Instrumentation
Ammeter and Voltmeter
Top Speed
60 MPH (96 KPH)
Range
25 Miles (40 Kilometers) Depends on speed and driving conditions
Seating Capacity
4 adults
Pontiac Fiero 1986
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Location
Fresno- California US map
Vehicle
1986 Pontiac Fiero Ken- Patrick- & Jim
Motor
D&D Motor Systems- Inc. ES-31B Series Wound DC
Drivetrain
Stock 5 speed - clutchless
Controller
Kelly 600 Amp
Batteries
12 US Battery 183 Amp Hour- 8.00 Volt- Lead-Acid- Flooded
System Voltage
96 Volts
Charger
Quickcharge
Heater
Ceramic heater
DC/DC Converter
Kelly
Instrumentation
GPS
Top Speed
55 MPH (88 KPH)
Acceleration
It does ok up to about 35 mph then its slow from there
Range
Not to sure on the range. Have had a lot of problem with it cutting in and out.
Seating Capacity
2 adults
Curb Weight
3-250 Pounds (1-477 Kilograms) GVWR weight is 3179 so I think I might beef up the suspension. Thinking about an air suspension.
Conversion Time
450+ hrs
Conversion Cost
Up to about 6800
Additional Features
Thomas vacuum pump for the brakes. Sony Cd player with MP3 for tunes.
Next project: Put a piece of coroplastic on the underneath of the car to reduce drag. We put a lot of blood. sweat- and tears into this thing but at the end of the day.... it was a lot of laughter and a ton of fun. We couldnt of done it without you Ken.....
Ford Probe GT 1995
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Owner
Fred Brown
Location
Circleville- Ohio US map
Email
Vehicle
1995 Ford Probe GT This has always been my vehicle of choice because of aerodynamics and 4-wheel disc brakes. Besides- I love the body style (I have 3 others with ICE and automatic trannys). I found the perfect donor car early in the 1 year planning stage (blown motor- good glass- no rust- all power options worked) for $200.
Motor
D&D Motor Systems- Inc. ES-15A Series (40 hp Peak- 12 hp Continuous) Series Wound DC This is the Wilderness Kit #2 motor for a VW. They wonder how I get 63 mph in a 3000 pound car.
Drivetrain
Original 5-speed gear box with clutch removed. I shift through all 5 gears- letting up on the accelator to stop the E-motor between shifts and only use 5th on the highway for 55-65 mph.
Controller
Alltrax 7245 (72 vdc/450 amp) I tinkered with the programming until I came up with what I think are the best settings for me.
Batteries
12 Energizer EGC2- 6.00 Volt- Lead-Acid- Flooded With a Sams Club membership and dead cores I picked up locally (for free) they were just under $70 each.
System Voltage
72 Volts
Charger
Delta-Q Technologies QuiQ 912-7200 After considering many options- I decided to go big-time and bought this SmartCharger. You just plug it in to a grounded 110v outlet and forget about it.
Heater
Small ceramic heater/fan mounted on dash. Used basically for defrosting windshield.
DC/DC Converter
None. I decided to keep the 12v system seperate and backed up the standard 12v battery with two 6v in parallel. These also serve as reserve power in emergencies. The 12v system has its own Smart Charger that comes on with the big charger.
Instrumentation
Currently anmeter and voltmeter. All stock gauges work (except gas- of course). Temperature gages are for the motor and controller. I depend on the trip meter to know how much farther I can go.
Top Speed
65 MPH (104 KPH) The inner and outer belts of Columbus are fairly flat. Highway speeds in 5th gear fall to 50 mph on long slight grades up - and rise to 65 mph on the same grades returning home.
Acceleration
0-40 in 30 sec.(at 300+ amp draw) on a flat surface. I like the term someone else used...LEISURELY !
Range
35 Miles (56 Kilometers) From my house to my sons house its 34 miles through the rolling hills of Southern Ohio. Ive made that trip many times with no problems.
EV Miles
Start:
104-430 Miles (168-027 Kilometers)
Current:
105-780 Miles (170-200 Kilometers)
Total:
1-350 Miles (2-172 Kilometers)
?�
?� ?� As of 8/10/2010
Seating Capacity
2 adults and lots of trunk space.
Curb Weight
3-000 Pounds (1-363 Kilograms) I striped out about 800 pounds removing the ICE and other components. The car now weighs 3123 pounds
Tires
Stock 225/50R16s on aluminum rims. I know I could increase speed and distance with a lighter and more effecient set-up- but they look so-o-o good!
Conversion Time
June through September 2008 (approx. 650 hours). I wanted to be on the road without gas by my 73rd birthday. Made it with a week to spare !!
Additional Features
Emergency Kit: Fire Extinguisher (dont leave home without it) 4 ft. #2 gauge Jumper (to bypass dead or burning batteries) Open end wrench (to fit battery terminal bolts) Safety Glasses
Power steering: This was a must for me- being 75 and having had surgery on both rotator cuffs. The MR2 unit works great. It steers my heavy car and wide tires as easily as any ICE car.
E-ASSIST I have finished the designing stage and have started the construction of my next project. It- too- is a Probe that is being converted to a convertible truck with a dual drive train. An album page for this project will be posted soon.
VW Beetle - New 1999
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Owner
Michael
Location
Flensburg- Schleswig-Holstein Germany map
Web/Email
WebPage
Vehicle
1999 Volkswagen New Beetle
Motor
D&D Motor Systems- Inc. ES-31B Series Wound DC 72V - 144V range
Drivetrain
manual transmission- all gears are useable
Controller
Curtis 1231C 2011/01/25: update to a Curtis 1231C- Curtis 1221C replaced
Batteries
45 Skyenergy SE 13 AHA- 3.30 Volt- Lithium-Ion LiFePo4 (145Ah measured) 2011/03/15: 7 additional cells (38 to 45)
System Voltage
148 Volts
Charger
Zivan NG3 157-5V max. charge voltage (3.5V/cell) 13-7A
It seems to me that a 144V package and a Controller >500Amps would be better. This conversion is ok to get to work- but driving 50mph in germany is a little too less. Constantly 60mph and a 60 mile range will be the target for our next conversion. ---- 2011/01/25: update to a Curtis 1231C- Curtis 1221C replaced ---- 2011/03/15: added 7 more cells up to 45 25-8kWh/100km (415Wh/mi) so far- 18-99kWh/100km (306Wh/mi) best
VW Bug 1970
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Owner
John Snyder
Location
Stanton, California US map
Email
Vehicle
1970 Volkswagen Bug Beetle Green body with blue green fenders. I
wanted the finders to be similar to the
color of solar panels in case I ever came
up with a viable solar solution to tie the
colors together.
Motor
D&D Motor Systems, Inc. ES-67A-29 DC Motor
Drivetrain
The motor is attached to a standard VW
clutch and then the standard 4 speed
transaxle. I generally start in 2nd gear
though because 1st is too low.
Controller
Alltrax
Batteries
6 Optima Yellow Top, 12.00 Volt, Lead-Acid, AGM
System Voltage
72 Volts
Charger
Zivan NG-1
Heater
None
Instrumentation
BS Designs Batman Battery Management
System
Top Speed
60 MPH (96 KPH) It averages about 55 on the freeway, but
it is really designed to be driven on the
street.
Range
20 Miles (32 Kilometers)
EV Miles
Current:
4,800 Miles (7,723 Kilometers)
Seating Capacity
4 adults
Curb Weight
2,000 Pounds (909 Kilograms)
Tires
good condition
Conversion Time
Has been a functional EV since 2007.
Additional Features
The unibody pan has been reinforced and the rear shocks
increased in strength.
1970 Volkswagen Bug converted to Electric. There is no
engine just an electric motor. It is the quietest bug
you’ll ever see because you won’t hear it coming. It runs
on six 12 volt Yellow top Optima batteries recently
purchased in September 2012. It is set up to be a NEV
Neighborhood Electric Vehicle although I have commuted
with it on the freeway at times. Maximum speed is 60 mph
but that can not be sustained. Distance is 10-20 miles
per charge depending on your driving habits, style and
conditions. Plugs into a standard, household, grounded,
Edison style outlet, a 15 amp circuit is plenty. There is
a separate 12 volt battery for running the car systems
such as the lights, radio, and engaging the propulsion
system. It uses BSDesigns Battery Management system
which displays: pack voltage, amps current usage, watt
hours used and amp hours used. The undercarriage has been
reinforced for additional strength and the suspension,
shocks have also been upgraded. It runs much more level
than the regular bug since the weight is more evenly
distributed. The car is set up to use a standard VW
clutch attached to the stock transmission. However, first
gear is rarely used as it is easier to start in second.
A beeper has been added to turn on when in reverse. This
is helpful in warning people that you are backing up and
the driver since 2nd and reverse are next to each other.
The tires are in good shape with at least 60% remaining.
The car was painted by Maaco a couple of years ago. I had
them sand it down to the metal and surprisingly found
little to no bondo or rust on the body. I chose the blue
for the finders in hopes of possibly matching the color
of solar panels in case I ever found a solar solution
that made since to implement. There is no regenerative
braking or other devices to recapture power. The seats
have been reupholstered including new stuffing and a
blue-green color chosen to tie in the body colors. All of
the door and interior panels have been replaced as well
as the seat belts and visors. I put on the smaller
steering wheel because the original one dug into my legs.
I still have it for the next owner though. There are
various such extra parts I will gladly turn over to the
buyer. This is a great car for running errands around
your neighborhood or short commutes. It’s street legal,
very quiet and uses no gas. This has been a fun project
and I hope to pass it on to another person that wants to
go green and can enjoy it as much as I have. It comes
with a tow bar and lights to tow it where ever you want
to take it to beyond the 10 to 20 mile range. Paypal
accepted and preferred.
1991 Geo Metro
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Owner
Dr. Larry Tillman
Location
South Charleston- Ohio US map
Email
Vehicle
1991 Geo Metro Convertible- kind of sporty with the top down.
Motor
D&D Motor Systems- Inc. D&D Series Wound DC 84 Volt
Drivetrain
Stock 5-speed transmission
Controller
Alltrax 7245 36/72 volt
Batteries
15 Everstart DC246- 12.00 Volt- Lead-Acid- Flooded deep cycle marine total weight of batteries-850 lbs.
System Voltage
84 Volts
Charger
Schumacher 6 amp (7 chargers) 7- 6 Amp individual chargers - 1 for every 2 batteries
Heater
12 volt resistance still very cold in winter but it keeps the windshield clear. Better wear a coat.
DC/DC Converter
none
Instrumentation
Voltmeter Ammeter low voltage warning light on one battery that comes on if battery voltage drops to 10 volts in that monitored battery
Top Speed
70 MPH (112 KPH) right off the charger- but it likes 45-50 mph a whole lot better
Acceleration
Pretty quick- but I got tired showing off at the light and needing to replace connectors.
Range
50 Miles (80 Kilometers) One day I managed 50 miles but I was going pretty slow. 30 is more realistic.
Watt Hours/Mile
Dont know for sure but at the current rate of electricity in my area- it cost me about a penny per mile- or nothing if I charge off of the solar system at the house.
EV Miles
Current:
18-000 Miles (28-962 Kilometers)
?˜
?˜ ?˜ As of 8/25/2008
Seating Capacity
2 adults
Curb Weight
1-900 Pounds (863 Kilograms) 850 lbs total battery weight
Tires
Firestone SS 40 psi
Conversion Time
3 months- but still working and making changes
Conversion Cost
$4-000 plus some change
Additional Features
I have a 2 meter ham radio transceiver (KB8GJG)
I am in the process of constructing a tow-behind extended range (unlimited) trailer. The trailer that weight 252 lbs pulls almost effortlessly behind the car and consists of a 15 HP B&S gas engine- 60 amp alternator running at 90 volts or less. The engine will be running on ordinary gasoline and HHO (hydrogen/oxygen generator) I have one of these units on my old Chevy S-10 and went from 25 MPG to 42.6 MPG. (best test). For more information on this HHO generator go to WWW.water4gas.com
Opel Corsa 2001
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Owner
Luis
Owner's Other EV
1990 BMW 318i
Location
Tudela, Navarre Spain map
Web/Email
WebPage
Vehicle
2001 Opel Corsa -B City neigborhood car. Trying to make a cheap city commuter.
Motor
D&D Motor Systems, Inc. ES32-C7 Separately Excited DC Sepex Dc motor in order to have regen braking. 31hp peak power, forced air cooling with external blower
Drivetrain
Manual 5 speed gearbox, clutchless, driven in 2nd gear
Controller
Navitas TSX500 72V There are not so many Sepex 72V controllers. This works well with decent price.
Batteries
6 Thunder Sky LP-12V-90Ah, 12.00 Volt, Lithium Iron Phosphate 6 Kwh battery, 72V90Ah. Enough for city commute.
System Voltage
72 Volts
Charger
Elcon TCCH1.5KW 1.5KW charger
Heater
Custom built water heater with pump, uses car water heater.
DC/DC Converter
None. Added another 12V lithium battery in order keeping traction battery just for traction.
Instrumentation
Kept OEM�s and LCD 16x2 custom display added.
Top Speed
50 MPH (80 KPH) 80 kmh top speed in third gear. Driven in second gear, 60 Kmh, enough for city traffic with reasonable acceleration
Acceleration
Quite good for that tiny motor. About 10s to 50kmh
Range
35 Miles (56 Kilometers) 35 km real range, 50 km if driven with extra care and no hills. Car is intended to daily commute in city traffic, and, if possible, recharging both home and work
Watt Hours/Mile
About 170 wh/km in real driving conditions
Seating Capacity
5 adults
Curb Weight
0 950 kg
Tires
165/80R14
Conversion Time
A lot. And still testing
Conversion Cost
We sell this model for about 12.000�, everything included (but the car)
Still testing to fine tune motor and controller, but ready to take orders. FULLY REGISTERED AS EV CONVERTED CAR IN SPAIN!!!. Lots of people told us was barely impossible. ;-)
Gizmo
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Owner
Robert Veach
Location
Naperville- Illinois US map
Web/Email
WebPage
Vehicle
Gizmo
Motor
D&D Motor Systems- Inc. Separately Excited DC 15 HP peak-
Drivetrain
belt drive
Controller
Sevcon
Batteries
4- 12.00 Volt- Lead-Acid- Flooded 120 Ah
System Voltage
48 Volts
Charger
Zivan
DC/DC Converter
do not know
Instrumentation
battery voltmeter speedometer
Top Speed
45 MPH (72 KPH)
Acceleration
0 to 30 MPH in 6 seconds
Range
18 Miles (28 Kilometers)
Seating Capacity
1 adult
Curb Weight
320 Pounds (145 Kilograms) estimated
Tires
steel belted radials
Additional Features
I have added foot rests and a map reading light. I have also modified the forward/reverse switch to make it a little more user friendly.
Can be purchased from NEVCO.COM WebPage The Gizmo is a blast to drive!
1986 Honda Civic
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Owner
Lisa Korf
Location
Austin- Texas US map
Web/Email
WebPage
Vehicle
1986 Honda Civic Hatchback
Motor
D&D Motor Systems- Inc. ES-15A Series Wound DC
Controller
Alltrax
Batteries
9- 8.00 Volt- Lead-Acid- Flooded
System Voltage
72 Volts
Charger
Schumacher
Top Speed
60 MPH (96 KPH)
Range
35 Miles (56 Kilometers)
EV Miles
Start:
250-278 Miles (402-697 Kilometers)
Seating Capacity
2 in front- dogs on platform in rear
Conversion Time
1 month
Conversion Cost
$7550
1992 Electric Tercel
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Owner
Michael Chamberlain
Location
Pflugerville- Texas US map
Email
Vehicle
1992 Toyota Tercel
Motor
D&D Motor Systems- Inc. ES-33 Series Wound DC 48-96V- 7/8 single-shaft- 6.7 Dia x 11.53 Long- 35 HP peak- 58 lbs.
Drivetrain
4 speed
Controller
Curtis 1221C-7401 72-120V- 400 amp current limit- 11.5 lbs.
Batteries
12 Sams Club U8VGC- 8.00 Volt- Lead-Acid- Flooded Made by Interstate- sold at Sams 170AH. Length 10 1/4- Width 7 1/8- Height 11 1/3. Weight 65lbs.
System Voltage
96 Volts
Charger
Quickcharge 72V-10A and Schumacher 24V Smart charger- good for Flooded- Gel or AGM.
Heater
None
Instrumentation
None
Top Speed
55 MPH (88 KPH) At 72 volts. 75 mph at 96 volts.
Acceleration
Similar to original Tercel.
Range
35 Miles (56 Kilometers) Drive 24 miles to work. Recharge at work for 9 hours- then drive home.
Added stronger springs to the rear to accommodate the extra weight. Added external cooling fan to the motor for summer driving.
My office added an outlet and meter so that I could recharge during the day. I reimburse them at .10 cents per kilowatt hour.
72 volts wasnt working for me. So I added 3 more batteries. Its a little peppier and has more range.
I also noticed Lithium batteries for sale on a couple of EV websites. Looks impressive- but the cost needs to come down a bit.
Heres a link to the conversion.. WebPage
Heres a link to a recent article.. WebPage
1993 Kewet EL-JET3
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Owner
Ed Thorpe
Owners Other EVs
1998 Honda EVplus 2000 Corbin Sparrow 2001 Xootr eX3 1973 Aurenthetic Charger 1998 Ford Ranger EV
Location
Alameda- California US map
Email
Vehicle
1993 Kewet EL-JET3
Motor
D&D Motor Systems- Inc. 72v- air cooled Series Wound DC Original motor was a Thrige-Titan 7.5 Kilowatt Series Wound DC (Danish make). Upgraded.
Drivetrain
Originally Direct drive- gear reduction/differential. Upgraded with el-jet5 gearbox and axles.
Controller
Cafe Electric Z1K-LV Original controller was a Curtis 1205 with plug braking.
Batteries
24 Saft STM 5-100 MR- 6.00 Volt- Nickel-Cadmium- Flooded Originally outfitted as 48v with Trojan T-125 Flooded Lead-Acid pack- upgraded.
System Voltage
144 Volts
Charger
Manzanita Micro PFC-30 Originally 48v Zivan BC-1- upgraded. AVCON inlet to make use of public charging.
Heater
electric
DC/DC Converter
DC Power Systems
Instrumentation
a) Speedometer/Odometer b) Battery SOC (10 led scale)
Top Speed
35 MPH (56 KPH) (still to be tested)
Range
50 Miles (80 Kilometers) (planned)
Seating Capacity
2 adults or 1 adult and 2 children
Curb Weight
1-400 Pounds (636 Kilograms)
Tires
145/80R13 (original)
Conversion Time
Production EV (from Denmark)- upgraded.
Still being upgraded- with new motor/gearbox mounting.
1993 Eagle Talon
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Owner
David Murray
Owners Other EV
2002 Toyota Prius
Location
Kennedale- Texas US
Web/Email
http://galaxy22.dyndns.org/ev-talon/
Vehicle
1993 Eagle Talon Bought from an individual with blown engine for $750.
Motor
D&D Motor Systems- Inc. 170-004-0003 Series Wound DC 10 HP continuous- 40 peak.
Controller
Kelly KD84600 24V-84V at 600 amps. (although it only pulls 300 ams from the batteries max.. I suspect a different controller would speed the car up some)
Batteries
9 Trojan T-875- 8.00 Volt- Lead-Acid- Flooded 3 in front- 6 in rear cargo area.
System Voltage
72 Volts
Charger
KIPOINT Two chargers used. One is a 24V smart charger for front 2 batteries- and another 48V smart charger for rear batteries.
Heater
None yet..
DC/DC Converter
Not using one- I have a 12V AGM Wheelchair battery with its own seperate 2 amp charger that charges whenever the car is plugged in.
Instrumentation
Custom instrument panel with seperate LED digital voltmeters for main pack- and 12V system. Also have a Paktrakr (heavily modified for dash with larger screen) and 3 temperature guages. All have backlights that come on when the lights are turned on.
Top Speed
54 MPH (86 KPH) Top speed is 54- but that is rarelly attainable unless you have a very flat or downhill road and it takes about half a mile or more to reach that speed. Steep hills can slow it down to as low as 25 mph.
Acceleration
On flat ground: 0 to 20 in about 7 seconds 0 to 50 in about 40 seconds If there are any hills- then it can be much worse.
Range
20 Miles (32 Kilometers) I get about 14 miles to 50% DOD. I have never taken it past that yet- but I would assume it could go to 20 miles to 80% DOD. I live in a very hilly area- bad for EVs. I imagine it would get better range in flat areas.
Watt Hours/Mile
I dont know how to calculate this.
EV Miles
Start:
192-228 Miles (309-294 Kilometers)
Current:
192-635 Miles (309-949 Kilometers)
Total:
407 Miles (654 Kilometers)
?�
?� ?� As of 8/7/2008
Seating Capacity
4 adults. (although only practical for 2 adults and 2 children)
Curb Weight
0 I think the car weighs about what it did from the factory- except much of the weight has shifted to the rear.
Tires
205/55R16 inflated to 44 psi.
Conversion Time
100 hours so far
Conversion Cost
$6-300 including vehicle.
Additional Features
Working on electric Power Steering and Power Brakes. I have all the parts- just need to built brackets and hoses.
Vehicle is not finished. However- it is getting very close. All that remains is power brakes- power steering- and minor cosmetic work.
Dragster - ALL ELECTRIC
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Dragster - ALL ELECTRIC
Dragster
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Electric Dragster - Darrell Gwynn Foundation
Ford Festiva - 1992
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Owner
Lant Colburn
Location
Cleburne- Texas US map
Email
Vehicle
1992 Ford Festiva
Motor
D&D Motor Systems- Inc. E-31B Series Wound DC 6.7 single shaft series wound motor- rated at 18 HP continuous- 72 to 144 volts
Controller
Curtis 1231C-8601 96-144VDC- 500 amps max
Batteries
45 Thunder Sky 100ah- 3.70 Volt- Lithium-Ion
System Voltage
144 Volts
Charger
Elcon TCCH-144-2 5000 watt charger with lithium charging curve. Controlled by battery management system.
Heater
none
DC/DC Converter
Iota DLS-45 45 amp charger/converter. I have this installed as a charger that is completely separate from the traction pack.
Instrumentation
only a computer connected to the BMS as this point
Top Speed
70 MPH (112 KPH) this is the top speed I have driven- but it acted as though it would go faster.
Acceleration
0-30 mph is pretty quick- but 30-60 is not exceptional.
Range
50 Miles (80 Kilometers) 50 miles is comfortable. 60 miles is possible- but discharges the batteries a bit too much
Watt Hours/Mile
225 Wh/Mile as a average
EV Miles
Start:
129-370 Miles (208-156 Kilometers)
Current:
130-190 Miles (209-475 Kilometers)
Total:
820 Miles (1-319 Kilometers)
?˜
?˜ ?˜ As of 7/5/2011
Seating Capacity
2 adults and 2 small kids
Curb Weight
0 havent gotten it to the scales yet
Tires
stock 12
Conversion Time
3 years - on and off
Conversion Cost
around $16-000
Additional Features
Elithion Lithumate Battery Management System.
Two of my employees and I have enjoyed converting this old Festiva with a blown motor to all electric. This is our first conversion- so it seemed to take forever and there were plenty of stops and starts during the conversion process. There are definitely things we would do differently- if we had it to do over again. I am finally using it daily for my service calls within 25 miles of our office.
CitiCar
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Info about my Citicar electric car.- For more detail, go to the complete website link at: http://www.econogics.com/ev/DaleW/DaleW-CCar.htm . 1976 Sebring/Vanguard Citicar .
Vehicle History : These were built in the mid 70's through the early 80's under the Citicar & Commutacar model names. It is an all electric car that can go about 40 MPH with a range of around 30 miles. Power comes from 8 - 6 volt deep cycle batteries. It is fully street legal, has wipers, heater, head and tail lights, signal lights, speedometer, radio, lap & shoulder seat belts, everything you see in a regular car. Ideally it is an in-town commuter car. I live 3 miles from work, the road is relatively flat and the top speed limit is 35 which is ideal for the Citicar. At work we have power poles for plugging in car block heaters which will work great for recharging the Citi when I'm at work. My dad bought the car at the estate sale of an old friend. It had been sitting for many years in a dirt floor barn, so the entire undercarriage had to be restored. The car had around 1000 miles on it. It had been sold in Iowa, had a stay in South Dakota and ended up in Minnesota. I live in South Dakota and when we registered it for license, it actually came up on the SD DMV registry as having been titled in SD before. I've restored and improved the Citi so I can use it around town. For more information, see the Yahoo C-Car group. This group has been a huge help in getting my car to the state it is in.
For the restoration I've stripped the entire chassis, cleaned all the parts, sandblasted off any rust and corrosion and had the parts powder coated for long term protection. The rear motor axle had an aluminum center section and the street rodder (I build street rods for a hobby) came out in me so I polished it and had it clear coat powder coated. Looks sexy!! All parts that were not "perfect" were rebuilt and brought to like-new condition. Brakes were re-lined, new master cylinder, brake cylinders rebuilt and replaced along with new seals & gaskets. The undercarriage was cleaned, sanded, epoxy coated, and painted with pick-up box spray-on liner for rock chip protection. The chassis is now like-new and is actually better than new, as I've done some special modifications: I'm a hot rodder by nature, so I couldn't leave well enough alone. The original electric drive motor had been corroded badly sitting in the shed and was not readily repairable. What I did was order a new motor from D&D Motor Systems in Syracuse, NY - model ES40MOD - to replace the original. This motor has about 150% of the power (9hp - vs - 6hp) as the stock unit and was custom wound to run on 72 volts. The car originally ran on 48 volts, but by stepping up to 72 volts I'll be able to get more speed and range. I've utilized the original motor cooling fan to help cool the new motor for longer life. To achieve the 72 volts I'm using 6-12 volt deep cycle Trojan "industrial" batteries. In its original configuration the Citicar had its 8 - 6 volt batteries under the seat. The 6 and 12 volt deep cycle batteries are very similar in size. I placed the 6-12 volt batteries under the seat in the same trays where the 6 volt batteries had been located. This brought me to the desired 72 volts.With the voltage changed, the original charger would no longer cover the changing needs of the car. I purchased a new charger from Electro Craft (www.evcraft.com) in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The charger is an on-board isolated switch-mode "intelligent" charger with 4 stage charging. The charger is mounted in the location of the original charger inside of the car, on the floor, just above the front axle. I had to build a custom aluminum bracket to hold it. The cooling fan for the charger has been directed to the outside to keep the car's cab cool when parked and charging. I also installed a Sevcon 622/11086 DC/DC converter under the charger to convert the 72 volts to 13.5 volts to run accessories. I have an auxiliary 12 volt battery in this same system for additional "low" voltage storage.With the motor and voltage change, I also upgraded the motor drive controls. The Citi originally came with a 3 stage (read this 3 speed) relay speed controller along with a reversing relay for backing up. I replaced the 3 stage relay with a Alltrax AXE 7245 DC drive controller at 12-72 volts, 450 Amps. This is the more modern control method for DC motors in electric vehicles. The AXE controller provides infinite speed control, better current management and is easier on all of the drive components. The controller was mounted in an aluminum control box with heat sinks attached on the outside for cooling. The stock reversing relay was replaced with and Albright 202B 12 volt reversing contactor. A Tyco LEV200 series contactor was used for the primary drive start contactor. The contactors are in the control box with the AXE and has vent fans to keep it all cool. With all of this extra power, it was best to improve the original AGW4 battery cables to something more substantial. All primary power wires were re-sized to 00 welding cable. Doing so reduces electrical resistance losses which will improve speed and range. It is also safer due to reduced power wire cable temperatures.The original Citi throttle was a series of micro-switches that activated the stages of the relay motor controller. With the new Curtis drive controller, a potentiometer type throttle is needed. For this I used a Curtis PB-6 pot box which has a 0-5 K-ohm output to match the controller's input. It also has a micro switch which is used to close the primary contactor when the throttle is depressed. The combination of the AXE controller and pot box provides infinite speed control. This makes the Citi feel more like a car with automatic transmission. Overall, a very smooth acceleration.With the drivetrain and chassis squared away, I then turned to the body, accessories, trim and interior. Starting with the exterior, I removed all of the trim, stripped and sanded the body with Scotchbrite to prep the surface. A coat of epoxy primer followed by 3 coats of '76 Corvette yellow and a clear coat were applied. I want to be seen for safety - and showing off. I Then built custom "aero" bumpers for the front and rear using 1/16" aluminum diamond plate. I tried to pick up on the styling theme of the Citi II concept car that was intended to replace the Citi, but was never built. The front bumper has a latch and pivots up for access to the front suspension. From the same 1/16" diamond plate I made wheel well surrounds and lightning bolts for the doors to add some styling to the car. Aluminum diamond plate was also used to make lightning cloud decorations, headlight surrounds, door panel interior cover plates and other decorative and functional items for the car. Since I intended this to be a fun car I pimped it out in the MTV "Pimp My Ride" fashion. I installed a stereo system with amplifier, sub-woofer box, multiple speakers, all with lots of power. I added and under car LED light system that glows blue, a lit blue tipped radio antenna, the windshield washer sprayer was converted to electric with a spray head that is a chrome skull with blue lit LED eyes. Other fun things were added too like glow-in-the-dark alien sticker, "Lightning" badge, chrome skull license frame, chrome skull tire caps, Chrome "fuel" fill (with electrical plug inside) etc. Lastly, I added a set of cool chromed wheels with radial tires to make it stand out.The car drives very well, is quick and has a top speed of around 50. It looks sharp and catches many eyes. Most of all it was fun to fix up, learn all about electric cars and visit with other car owners. I'll likely build another electric - but that one will be a real street rod with a performance electric drive system.
Today there are limited production electric vehicles(EVs) available, so converting an existing internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicle to an electric vehicle (EV) might be the best choice available to obtain an EV. Building your own electric vehicle (EV) can be a rewarding and challenging experience. Not only will you be a pioneer in the EV movement, but you will also be recycling a car that may be headed for the junk yard. Don’t wait for Detroit. Custom build an EV yourself. A typical EV conversion will achieve a range of 30-60 miles for each charge. Studies have shown that 80% of commuters travel less than 40 miles per day, and 50% of commuters travel 20 miles (or less) per day. An EV conversion can meet those daily driving needs. EVs are a clean, efficient alternative to conventional vehicles – using technology that is readily available today! EVs produce zero emissions, and when you consider the full fuel cycle to generate electricity, are up to 99% cleaner than gasoline and diesel vehicles. EV owners enjoy the financial benefits of significantly lower fuel and maintenance expenses. Finally, EVs help reduce our dependence on oil. D&D Motor Systems does not provide complete electric vehicle (EV) conversion kits. We only provide the motor and controller. To obtain complete kits or other components go to our Linkssection and look under EV Conversions for potential suppliers.
When you start to evaluate the different vehicles, you will find there are mainly 2 classes out there:
1.
Sports cars, such as the Honda CRX, Pontiac Fiero, Toyota MR2, Porsche 914, Fiat X-19, Nissan Pulsar, MGB or MG Midget. Sports cars have limited space and minimal payload capacity.
2.
Passenger cars and vans, such as the Ford Escort, VW Rabbit, VW Beetle, Saturn, Honda Civic and Geo Metro. The payload capacity for a Geo Metro is about 600 lbs.
Each of these classes have their own characteristics with respect to aerodynamic drag, curb weight, Gross Vehicle Weight Rating (GVWR), passenger compartment, and available space for batteries. Table 1 lists typical vehicles under each of these classes and their range using various lead acid battery packs (6V and 12V). Range is a function of battery weight because the battery represents the fuel. Typically it takes 15-20 lbs of lead to achieve 1 mile in range. A Rule of Thumb is that 1/3 of the EVs weight should be batteries; the other 2/3 represents dead weight (i.e. frame, suspension, body, motor, etc). If you could decrease this dead weight to 1/2 leaving 1/2 for fuel, you would have superior performance.
Table 1
VEHICLE
ICE CURB WEIGHT
VOLTAGE OF EV
BATTERY MODELED
CURB WT (LBS)
AVG RANGE (MILES)
SPORTS CARS
Pontiac Fiero
2530
120
5SHP
3360
44
Honda CRX
2175
120
5SHP
3060
47
Toyota MR2
2695
144
SCS225
3430
40
Nissan Pulsar
2025
144
SCS225
2863
46
PASSENGER CARS
Ford Escort
2300
96
T-145
3457
59
Geo Metro
1695
120
SCS225
2451
38
Honda Civic
2260
144
SCS225
3063
40
Saturn
2300
120
5SHP
3165
42
VW Rabbit
1930
96
T-105
2967
48
Notes
1. Calculations based on spreadsheet developed by Electric Vehicles of America, Inc.
2. Typically curb weight increases each model year.
3. Average range based on 1 percent grade at 50 mph - representing some traffic.
Other Considerations
Front Wheel Drive(FWD) vs Rear Wheel Drive (RWD)
A FWD vehicle has the advantage of being more efficient; which improves range. However, front wheel drive vehicles typically have smaller engine compartments, which limit the location of batteries. Also, the front -wheel drive vehicle requires more weight (typically 60 percent) on the front axle. If you locate batteries in the trunk, the tail can wag the dog in rain or snow. This is a problem with many Geo Metros with batteries in the trunk.
In addition, the high voltage, high amperage EV controllers and EV motors can produce greater torque and horsepower than the original engine in the smaller FWD vehicles. This can produce a problem. There are two distinct limitations for FWD vehicle. During launch (initial take-off from a standing start) all cars tend to pitch up (front rotates up relative to back.) This is because the center of mass is above the force being exerted by the tires against the road. In a RWD, this pitch tends to plant the driven tires more firmly against the road, thus enhancing traction. In a FWD the effect is opposite. The force pressing the drive wheels against the road is reduced because of the pitch. If power is applied while the car is in a turn, RWD is much more stable. If the rear wheels spin, the car over-steers. If the front wheels spin, the car under-steers and may easily spin out.
Availability of Spare Parts - Age of Vehicle
Spare parts should be available. This availability is related to the production of that specific vehicle and which part of the country in which you live. Also the availability of after market parts for suspension upgrades can be important.
Manual Vs. Automatic Transmission
Most EV conversion vehicles are manual transmissions because they are more efficient than automatic transmissions and provide greater range, require less motor torque, require no transmission cooler, and are easier to convert. The problem with an automatic transmission is that it shifts at about 2000 rpm; the electric car motor is usually designed to operate efficiently between 4000-5000 rpm. Consequently, the automatic transmission is a poor choice which results in decreased range. If you buy a vehicle with an automatic transmission, you can replace it with a manual transmission. The additional cost is $150 and up depending on the transmission and used auto parts dealer. Consider trading the automatic transmission.
Power Steering
Power steering is not recommended because of the continuous power required of the battery system. Even on many of the trucks that get converted, most people eliminate the power steering. The cost to change from power steering to a manual steering box is under $100 and less than 1 hour of work. The equal weight distribution allowed reasonable manual steering.
Power Brakes
Power brakes are a definite advantage as you increase the weight of the vehicle approximately 800-1200 lbs with the EV parts. In many cases, this represents an increase of 2025 percent in the curb weight of the vehicle. Your goal should always be to have a safe vehicle. Power brakes unlike power steering are only an intermittent energy demand. A typical system requires a vacuum pump and a vacuum switch. Curb Weight Curb weight is the weight of the vehicle parked at the curb. No passengers and no payload. If you want to have 1/3 to 1/2 of the finished weight in fuel; then the initial curb weight of the vehicle should be less than 3000 lbs. The Geo Metro is one one the lighter vehicles with a curb weight of 1695 lbs. Consequently, an 800 lb battery pack seems ideal, except that GVWR and weight distribution become a major problem. GVWR and Distribution This is the most important consideration in any vehicle, because this directly affects the safety of the vehicle. As previously stated, converting an existing vehicle to an EV will add 800 - 1400 lbs in curb weight. Check the Gross Vehicle Weight Rating (GVWR) of the vehicle including the tires presently on the vehicle to see if it is designed for this increase. The GVWR and each axle rating are located on the drivers side door jamb. If the GVWR of the vehicle is exceeded, then the vehicle frame, suspension system, and braking system may be beyond their design value. Although the Geo Metro can perform with an 800 lb battery pack, the payload capacity of the vehicle is 600 lbs. Payload equals GVWR minus curb weight. With two people in the Geo, the available payload decreases to 300 lbs. Consequently, an 800 lb battery pack can lead to braking and handling (See FWD vs RWD above) as well as a long term fatique problem with the unibody. Therefore, the lightest vehicle is not always the best vehicle. You must also consider where the EV components will be located. Where will the batteries be located; they are the bulk of the additional weight. Will the charger be carried onboard or offboard? How will this change in weight distribution affect the vehicles handling? In the 1973 VW, the majority of weight was on the rear wheels; this was great for snow.
C.
Select a Vehicle to Convert
D.
Look for an EV Kit for the vehicle you choose
Kits will make the conversion significantly easier - they include all the parts, except batteries. A conversion kit will cost about $3,000 - $6,000 and the batteries, depending on how many you need, can cost from $700 - $4,000 , depending on the type you choose.
E.
Gather the proper tools for the job
Make sure you have access to the proper tools and supplies, and a place to do the conversion. You may need to rent equipment like engine hoists and contract out welding work. Contact EV veterans for advice and assistance.Go to our Links page, and look under Electric Vehicle Conversions.
F.
Familiarize yourself with the EV parts
The most common batteries for EV conversions are lead-acid batteries, specifically, 12-volt sealed batteries.
G.
Saftey
Any project involving automobiles and tools has inherent risks. Be aware of these possible hazards to prevent damage to the vehicle and serious injury to you.
H.
Remove ICE components
Remove any ICE (Internal Combustion Engine) components, making room for the EV parts.
I.
Install EV components
Install the motor, components, battery box, and batteries. Install the wiring for propulsion (traction pack), auxiliary power system (12-volt system), and traction pack charging system, and displays and controls.
J.
Safety Testing
Test the battery charger; check the wiring and fuses, connections. Then take it out for a spin and notice the quiet, smooth ride. Be sure to show it off!
Obviously this firstly depends greatly on the vehicle you looking to convert and what you pay for that vehicle. Secondly, the overall performance and range you require in your application are major price effectors. With that said, the range could be anywhere from $4,500 to $11,500 typically.
The most popular EV conversions are done on vehicles which have a huge market supply. They include the following: (click on any picture below to view specifications)
•
VW - Beetle, Golf, or Rabbit
•
Geo - Metro
•
Ford - Probe
•
Pontiac - Fiero
•
Honda - CRX
•
Jeep - Wrangler
* Another critical factor when choosing your EV conversion car, is to ensure the vehicle has plenty of battery storage space.
Of course it all depends on the conversion – vehicle type along with the number and type of batteries. However, most people who drive electric street vehicles say they get between 30 and 60 miles per charge, without saying what they mean by charge. I believe it is only reasonable to state the range based on a 50% drop in charge capacity. You can go lower, but repeatedly going down to 40% and less capacity (remaining capacity) point will shorten the life of the batteries. Keep in mind that driving habits impact distance. For more detailed information regarding vehicle range, go to FAQ #2 - Section B, above.
Electric cars are something that show up in the news all the time. There are several reasons for the continuing interest in these vehicles:
•
Electric cars create less pollution than gasoline-powered cars, so they are an environmentally friendly alternative to gasoline-powered vehicles (especially in cities).
•
Any news story about hybrid cars usually talks about electric cars as well.
•
Vehicles powered by fuel cells are electric cars, and fuel cells are getting a lot of attention right now in the news.
An electric car is a car powered by an electric car motor rather than a gasoline engine.
From the outside, you would probably have no idea that a car is electric. In most cases, electric cars are created by converting a gasoline-powered car, and in that case it is impossible to tell. When you drive an electric car, often the only thing that clues you in to its true nature is the fact that it is nearly silent.
Under the hood, there are a lot of differences between gasoline and electric cars:
•
The gasoline engine is replaced by an electric motor .
•
The electric motor gets its power from a controller .
•
The controller gets its power from an array of rechargeable batteries .
Inside an Electric Car
The heart of an electric car is the combination of:
•
The electric motor
•
The motor controller
•
The batteries
A simple DC controller connected to the batteries and the DC motor. If the driver floors the accelerator pedal, the controller delivers the full battery voltage to the motor. If the driver takes his/her foot off the accelerator, the controller delivers zero volts to the motor. For any setting in between, the controller chops the battery voltage, thousands of times per second to create an average voltage somewhere between 0 and Full Battery pack voltage.
The controller takes power from the batteries and delivers it to the motor. The accelerator pedal hooks to a potentiometer (variable resistor), and this potentiometer provides the signal that tells the controller how much power it is supposed to deliver. The controller can deliver zero power (when the car is stopped), full power (when the driver floors the accelerator pedal), or any power level in between.
The controllers job in a DC electric car is easy to understand. Let us assume that the battery pack contains 12 12-volt batteries, wired in series to create 144 volts. The controller takes in 144 volts DC, and delivers it to the motor in a controlled way.
The very simplest DC controller would be a big on/off switch wired to the accelerator pedal. When you push the pedal, it would turn the switch on, and when you take your foot off the pedal, it would turn it off. As the driver, you would have to push and release the accelerator to pulse the motor on and off to maintain a given speed.
Obviously, that sort of on/off approach would work but it would be a pain to drive, so the controller does the pulsing for you. The controller reads the setting of the accelerator pedal from the potentiometers and regulates the power accordingly. Say that you have the accelerator pushed halfway down. The controller reads that setting from the potentiometer and rapidly switches the power to the motor on and off so that it is on half the time and off half the time. If you have the accelerator pedal 25 percent of the way down, the controller pulses the power so it is on 25 percent of the time and off 75 percent of the time.
Most controllers pulse the power more than 15,000 times per second, in order to keep the pulsation outside the range of human hearing. The pulsed current causes the motor housing to vibrate at that frequency, so by pulsing at more than 15,000 cycles per second, the controller and motor are silent to human ears.
Most DC controllers used in electric cars come from the electric forklift industry.
Electric Car Motors & Batteries
If the motor is a DC motor, then it may run on anything from 96 to 192 volts. Many of the DC motors used in electric cars come from the electric forklift industry.
DC installations tend to be simpler and less expensive. A typical motor will be in the 20,000-watt to 30,000-watt range. A typical controller will be in the 40,000-watt to 60,000-watt range (for example, a 96-volt controller will deliver a maximum of 400 or 600 amps). DC motors have the nice feature that you can overdrive them (up to a factor of 10-to-1) for short periods of time. That is, a 20,000-watt motor will accept 100,000 watts for a short period of time and deliver 5 times its rated horsepower. This is great for short bursts of acceleration. The only limitation is heat build-up in the motor. Too much overdriving and the motor heats up to the point where it self-destructs.
Right now, the weak link in any electric car is the batteries. There are at least six significant problems with current lead-acid battery technology:
•
They are heavy (a typical lead-acid battery pack weighs 1,000 pounds or more).
•
They are bulky (the car we are examining here has 50 lead-acid batteries, each measuring roughly 6 inches x 8 inches x 6 inches).
•
They have a limited capacity (a typical lead-acid battery pack might hold 12 to 15 kilowatt-hours of electricity, giving a car a range of only 50 miles or so).
•
They are slow to charge (typical recharge times for a lead-acid pack range between four to 10 hours for full charge, depending on the battery technology and the charger).
•
They have a short life (three to four years, perhaps 200 full charge/discharge cycles).
•
They are expensive (perhaps $2,000 for the battery pack shown in the sample car).
Measuring state-of-charge by voltage is the simplest method, but it can be inaccurate. Cell types have dissimilar chemical compositions that deliver varied voltage profiles. Temperature also plays a role. Higher temperature raises the open-circuit voltage, a lower temperature lowers it, and this phenomenon applies to all chemistries in varying degrees.
The most blatant error of voltage-based SoC occurs when disturbing the battery with a charge or discharge. This agitation distorts the voltage and no longer represents the true state-of-charge. To get accurate measurements, the battery needs to rest for at least four hours to attain equilibrium; battery manufacturers recommend 24 hours. Adding the element of time to neutralize voltage polarization does not sit well with batteries in active duty. One can see that this method is ill suited for fuel gauging.
Each battery chemistry delivers a unique discharge signature that requires a tailored model. While voltage-based SoC works reasonably well for a lead acid battery that has rested, the flat discharge curve of nickel- and lithium-based batteries renders the voltage method impracticable. And yet, voltage is commonly used on consumer products. A “rested” Li-cobalt of 3.80V/cell in open circuit indicates a SoC of roughly 50 percent.
The discharge voltage curves of Li-manganese, Li-phosphate and NMC are very flat, and 80 percent of the stored energy remains in this flat voltage profile. This characteristic assists applications requiring a steady voltage but presents a challenge in fuel gauging. The voltage method only indicates full charge and low charge and cannot estimate the large middle section accurately.
Lead acid has diverse plate compositions that must be considered when measuring SoC by voltage. Calcium, an additive that makes the battery maintenance-free, heat raises the voltage by 5–8 percent. Temperature also affects the open-circuit voltage; heat raises it while cold causes it to decrease. Surface charge further fools SoC estimations by showing an elevated voltage immediately after charge; a brief discharge before measurement counteracts the error. Finally, AGM batteries produce a slightly higher voltage than the flooded equivalent.
When measuring SoC by open circuit voltage, the battery voltage must be truly “floating” with no load present. Installed in a car, the parasitic load present makes this a closed circuit voltage (CCV) condition that will falsify the readings. Adjustments must be made when measuring SoC in the CCV state by including the load current in the calculation. In spite of the notorious inaccuracies, most SoC measurements rely on the voltage method because it’s simple. Voltage-based state-of-charge is popular for wheelchairs, scooters and golf cars.
Hydrometer
The hydrometer offers an alternative to measuring SoC, but this only applies to flooded lead acid and flooded nickel-cadmium. Here is how it works: As the battery accepts charge, the sulfuric acid gets heavier, causing the specific gravity (SG) to increase. As the SoC decreases through discharge, the sulfuric acid removes itself from the electrolyte and binds to the plate, forming lead sulfate. The density of the electrolyte becomes lighter and more water-like, and the specific gravity gets lower. Table 1 provides the BCI readings of starter batteries.
Approximate state-of-charge
Average
specific gravity
Open circuit voltage
2V
6V
8V
12V
100% 75% 50% 25% 0%
1.265
1.225
1.190
1.155
1.120
2.10
2.08
2.04
2.01
1.98
6.32
6.22
6.12
6.03
5.95
8.43
8. 30
8.16
8.04
7.72
12.65
12.45
12.24
12.06
11.89
Table 1: BCI standard for SoC estimation of a maintenance-free starter battery with antimony. The readings are taken atroom temperature of 26°C (78°F); the battery had rested for 24 hours after charge or discharge.
While BCI specifies the specific gravity of a fully charged starter battery at 1.265, battery manufacturers may go for 1.280 and higher. When increasing the specific gravity, the SoC readings on the look-up table will adjust upwards accordingly. Besides charge level and acid density, the SG can also vary due to low fluid levels, which raises the SG reading because of higher concentration. Alternatively, the battery can be overfilled, which lowers the number. When adding water, allow time for mixing before taking the SG measurement.
The specific gravity also varies according to battery type. Deep-cycle batteries use a dense electrolyte with an SG of up to 1.330 to get maximum runtime; aviation batteries have a SG of 1.285; traction batteries for forklifts are at 1.280; starter batteries come in at 1.265 and stationary batteries are at a low 1.225. Low specific gravity reduces corrosion. The resulting lower specific energy of stationary batteries is not as critical as longevity.
Nothing in the battery world is absolute. The specific gravity of fully charged deep-cycle batteries of the same model can range from 1.270 to 1.305; fully discharged, these batteries may vary between 1.097 and 1.201. Temperature is another variable that alters the specific gravity reading. The colder the temperature is, the higher (more dense) the SG value becomes. Table 2 illustrates the SG gravity of a deep-cycle battery at various temperatures.
Temperature of
the Electrolyte
Gravity at full charge
Table 2: Relation of specific gravity and temperature of deep-cycle battery
Colder temperatures provide higher specific gravity readings.
40°C
30°C
20°C
10°C
0°C
104°F
86°F
68°F
50°F
32°F
1.266
1.273
1.280
1.287
1.294
Errors can also occur if the acid has stratified, meaning theconcentration is light on top and heavy on the bottom. High acid concentration artificially raises the open circuit voltage, which can fool SoC estimations through false SG and voltage indication. The electrolyte needs to stabilize after charge and discharge before taking the SG reading.
Coulomb Counting
Laptops, medical equipment and other professional portable devices use coulomb counting as a SoC indication. This method works on the principle of measuring the current that flows in and out of the battery. If, for example, a battery was charged for one hour at one ampere, the same energy should be available on discharge. This is not the case. Inefficiencies in charge acceptance, especially towards the end of charge, as well as losses during discharge and storage reduce the total energy delivered and skew the readings. The available energy is always less than what had been fed to the battery, and compensation corrects the shortage.
Disregarding these irregularities, coulomb counting works reasonably well, especially for Li-ion. However, the one percent accuracy some device manufacturers advertise is only possible in an ideal world and with a new battery. Independent tests show errors of up to 10 percent when in typical use. Aging causes a gradual deviation from the working model on which the coulomb counter is based. The result is a laptop promising 30 minutes of remaining runtime and all of a sudden the screen goes dark. Periodic calibration by applying a full discharge and charge to reset the flags reduces the error.
There is a move towards electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and even magnetism to measure state-of-charge. These new technologies get more accurate estimation than with voltage and can be used when the battery is under load. Furthermore, temperature, surface charge and acid stratification do not affect the readings noticeably.
Maintain Your Car - Ensure tire pressures are kept high to ensure reduced rolling resistance. Ensure that your batteries, controller and motor are kept as cool as possible.
B)
Drive Accordingly - Try to choose a less steep gradient for your route. When pressing the accelerator, use a more gradual approach. Don't have a "heavy foot". Focus on good driving habits. Don't speed from stop light to stop light.
C)
Adjust Charging Time - It's all too easy to arrive home in the evening, plug your car in and immediately start it charging for the next day's commute. But while you'll know your car will be fully charged when you need it, you may be reducing your car's available range.
That's because most plug-in cars on the market today slowly self-discharge when they've finished charging, either through battery cell balancing or through natural chemical processes occurring within the battery pack. Over time, this practice can slowly affect your car's battery pack. In fact, allowing your car to sit for hours at a full state of charge is something that many automakers—including Tesla, Nissan, Ford and Mitsubishi—advise against.
While it makes a minimal difference, scheduling your charge to finish charging just before you drive it can give you a few extra miles of range— compared to a car that sat with a full battery pack for many hours. (It's also better for the long-term health of the battery, and allows you to make use of cheaper time-of-use rates.)
A battery is a device for storing chemical energy and converting that chemical energy into electricity. A battery is made up of one or more electrochemical cells, each of which consists of two half-cells or electrodes. One half-cell, called the negative electrode, has an overabundance of the tiny, negatively charged subatomic particles called electrons. The other, called the positive electrode, has a deficit of electrons. When the two halves are connected by a wire or an electrical cable, electrons will flow from the negative electrode to the positive electrode. We call this flow of electrons electricity. The energy of these moving electrons can be harnessed to do work -- running a motor, for instance. As electrons pass to the positive side, the flow gradually slows down and the voltage of the electricity produced by the battery drops. Eventually, when there are as many electrons on the positive side as on the negative side, the battery is considered 'dead' and is no longer capable of producing an electric flow.
Lead-acid batteries, similar to the one shown here, have been used in automobiles since the middle of the 19th century.
The electrons are generated by chemical reactions, and there are many different chemical reactions that are used in commercially available batteries. For example, the familiar alkaline batteries commonly used in flashlights and television remote controls generate electricity through a chemical reaction involving zinc and manganese oxide. Most alkaline batteries are considered to be a disposable battery. Once they go dead, they're useless and should be recycled. Automobile batteries, on the other hand, need to be rechargeable, so they don't require constant replacement. In a rechargeable battery, electrical energy is used to reverse the negative and positive halves of the electrochemical cells, restarting the electron flow.
Automobile manufacturers have identified three types of rechargeable battery as suitable for electric car use. Those types are lead-acid batteries, nickel metal hydride (NiMH) batteries, and
lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries.
Lead-acid
Advantages: This chemistry has been proven over more than 140 years. Batteries of all shapes and sizes, available in sealed and maintenance-free products, are mass-produced today. In their price range, lead-acid batteries provide the best value for power and energy per kilowatt-hour, have the longest life cycle and a large environmental advantage in that they are recycled at an extraordinarily high rate. (Ninety-seven percent of the lead is recycled and reused in new batteries.). No other chemistry can touch the infrastructure that exists for collecting, transporting and recycling lead-acid batteries.
Disadvantages: Lead is heavier compared to some alternative elements used in other technologies; however, certain efficiencies in current conductors and other advances continue to improve on the power density of a lead-acid battery's design.
Lithium-ion
Advantages: It has a high specific energy (the number of hours of operation for a given weight) making it a huge success for mobile applications such as phones and notebook computers.
Disadvantages: More expensive than lead. The cost differential is not as apparent with small batteries for phones and computers, and owners of these devices may not realize that they are paying much more per stored kilowatt hour than other chemistries. However, because automotive batteries are larger, the cost becomes more significant. In addition, currently there is no established system for recycling large lithium-ion batteries.
Nickel-metal hydride
Advantages: It is reliable and lightweight. In hybrid vehicles, these batteries have equal to 100,000 miles.
Disadvantages: The metals in the battery are 25 times more expensive than lead. Nickel has been identified as a carcinogen. Hybrid vehicles have not been on the road long enough to allow the batteries to completely prove their projected cycle life. No significant recycling capability exists.
Note: The Advanced Lead-Acid Battery Consortium has helped to develop and test an advanced lead-acid battery powered system that operates at the partial state of charge demands necessary for a hybrid vehicle and recently equipped a Honda Insight with this system. Advanced lead-acid batteries will challenge the more expensive nickel metal hydride system in hybrid vehicles today.
Lead-acid batteries were invented in 1859 and are the oldest form of rechargeable battery still in use. They've been used in all types of cars -- including electric cars -- since the 19th century. Lead-acid batteries are a kind ofwet cell battery and usually contain a mild solution of sulfuric acid in an open container. The name comes from the combination of lead electrodes and acid used to generate electricity in these batteries. The major advantage of lead-acid batteries is that, they are well understood and cheap to produce. However, they do produce dangerous gases while being used and if the battery is overcharged there's a risk of explosion.
Nickel metal hydride batteries came into commercial use in the late 1980s. They have a high energy density -- that is, a great deal of energy can be packed into a relatively small battery -- and don't contain any toxic metals, so they're easy to recycle.
Lithium-ion batteries, which came into commercial use in the early 1990s, have a very high energy density and are less likely than most batteries to lose their charge when not being used -- a property called self discharge. Because of their light weight and low maintenance requirements, lithium-ion batteries are widely used in electronic devices such as laptop computers. Some experts believe that lithium-ion batteries are about as close as science has yet come to developing a perfect rechargeable battery, and this type of battery is the best candidate for powering the electric cars of the near future. A variation on lithium-ion batteries, called lithium-ion polymer batteries, may also prove valuable to the future of EVs. These batteries may eventually cost less to build than lithium-ion batteries; however, at the present time, lithium-ion polymer batteries are prohibitively expensive.
B)
Cost & Weight
A typical 6V golf cart battery (lead acid) such as a Trojan T-105 with a 2 hour Amp-Hour Rating of 146 will weigh 62 lbs. and cost approximately $140-$150.
A typical Lithiom-Ion battery used for EV's such as a CALB/SkyEnergy 3.2 V with a 100 Amp-Hour capacity weighs 7.1 lbs and costs about $140-$150. Some Lithium-Ion batteries depending on the brand and model can be 2 to 3 times as much!
Any electric car that uses batteries needs a charging system to recharge the batteries. The charging system has two goals:
To pump electricity into the batteries as quickly as the batteries will allow
To monitor the batteries and avoid damaging them during the charging process
The most sophisticated charging systems monitor battery voltage, current flow and battery temperature to minimize charging time. The charger sends as much current as it can without raising battery temperature too much. Less sophisticated chargers might monitor voltage or amperage only and make certain assumptions about average battery characteristics. A charger like this might apply maximum current to the batteries up through 80 percent of their capacity, and then cut the current back to some preset level for the final 20 percent to avoid overheating the batteries.So here are my proven recommendations on how to take care of these batteries:
Always fully recharge them as soon as possible after use. Do not leave them even only slightly discharged for long periods of time.
Maintain a trickle charge current on the battery at all time when not in use. A DC current of 10mA (ten milliamps) is sufficient to keep the battery fully charged up indefinitely, but is small enough that it will not cause any evaporation or wear. I am not describing a charging method here, just a trickle current. This is the circuit I am using. When the battery is connected, the LED turns on. When there is a power outage, the LED does its diode work and stops the battery from discharging back into the charger.
With that said, here are some proven recommendations on how to better care for your batteries:
Never store a battery on a concrete floor, or directly on any floor. This may cause a temperature gradient inside the battery and will accelerate aging. Use thick pieces of wood (2x4 OK) or even better, store it on a table, away from the cold floor.
Never discharge a battery to less than 80% of its nominal voltage. For a 12.6 VDC battery, this is 10.0 VDC. This is applicable also to Deep-Cycle batteries. These batteries, contrary to what their naming suggests, do not like a deep discharge.
For batteries that need maintenance, the battery should be cleaned using a baking soda and water solution; a couple of table spoons to a pint of water. Cable connections need to be cleaned and tightened as battery problems are often caused by dirty and loose connections. A serviceable battery needs to have the fluid level checked. Use only mineral free water, Distilled is best as all impurities have been removed, and there is nothing left that could contaminate your cells. Don't overfill battery cells especially in warmer weather because the natural fluid expansion in hot weather can push excess electrolytes from the battery. To prevent corrosion of cables on top post batteries use a small bead of silicone sealer at the base of the post and place a felt battery washer over it. Coat the washer with high temperature grease or petroleum jelly (Vaseline), then place cable on the post and tighten. Coat the exposed cable end with the grease. Most folks don't know that just the gases from the battery condensing on metal parts cause most corrosion.
Most EV conversions are manual transmissions because they are more efficient than automatic transmissions and provide greater range, require less motor torque, require no transmission cooler, and are easier to convert. The problem with an automatic transmission is that it shifts at about 2000 rpm; the electric motor is usually designed to operate efficiently between 4000-5000 rpm. Consequently, the automatic transmission is a poor choice which results in decreased range. If you buy a vehicle with an automatic transmission, you can replace it with a manual transmission. The additional cost is $150 and up depending on the transmission and used auto parts dealer. Consider trading the automatic transmission.
An Electric Hybrid Truck Designed For Utility Fleets By: Ucilia Wang
Filed Under: Electric Vehicles -
If you can soup up a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle(EV), what features would you want? For some fleet managers, turning plug-in hybrids into a source for powering up construction tools or buildings during a blackout is high on the list.
That’ why Pacific Gas & Electric Co. has been helping VIA Motors to convert new General Motors trucks into plug-in hybrids with the ability to export a large amount of power. The utility, the largest in California, envisions sending a bunch of these trucks into the field for routine maintenance work and to deal with emergencies. The amount of exportable power here will be large enough to run hydraulic lifts to send workers up the powerlines to do repairs or serve as backup power for homes while workers fix faulty circuits or transformers, said Dave Meisel, director of transportation services at PG&E. (EV motors)
Hybrid cars offer fuel savings over time – the price of gasoline has risen and will continue to increase at greater rates than the price of electricity – as well as environmental benefits such as lower emissions, he said. As federal and states introduce stricter fuel economy and emission standards, businesses must comply by buying vehicles with more fuel-efficient engines or ones that run on cleaner sources of fuels. But alternative-fuel vehicles also tend to cost more partly because they aren’t made in large volumes, and fleet managers very much focus on the payback period of their investments. (electric motor conversion kits)
Adding the exportable power feature creates additional savings for fleet owners like PG&E, Meisel said. It eliminates the need for buying portable generators that run on fossil fuels, for example. Using the hybrid trucks to reduce the length of a blackout also is an attractive proposition for utilities, which face fines if their customers experience a high number of outages or if they can’t restore power quickly.
“We are looking at broader savings that a lot of people are not looking at,” Meisel said. “When I look at the total operational savings, including fuel savings, the math starts to look really nice.” PG&E has about 9,000 vehicles in its fleet, and roughly 3,100 of them run on alternative fuels, such as natural gas, electricity and biodiesel. (electric car motor)
PG&E has been field-testing two EV trucks since last year and giving the car company feedback about its experience and suggestions for improvements. The utility estimates that the trucks could deliver annual fuel maintenance savings of $7000 per vehicle compared with conventional trucks, said Greg Pruett, senior vice president of corporate affairs at PG&E, during a press event at the Detroit auto show earlier this month when VIA discussed its plans to launch not just hybrid trucks but also hybrid SUVs and vans. VIA plans to convert only GM models, such as the Chevy Silverado, for now.
VIA has developed a powertrain that includes a 24 kilowatt-hour lithium-ion battery pack, which can last up to 40 miles per charge. The gasoline engine is for generating electricity to run the electric car motor, which moves the wheels. The company is putting its technology in brand new vehicles only, not used cars. When VIA Motors showed up at the Detroit auto show, its executives rattled off a list of things that people can do with vehicles that double as power generators, such as catering to outdoor parties and running outdoor concerts.
“Think of a 3-day camping trip where you have unlimited power with the car you drive into the woods with,” said Bob Lutz, a member of VIA’s board of directors and the former vice chairman of GM, during a press conference at the auto show.
The two VIA trucks PG&E has been trying out cost about $400,000 total, Meisel said. The trucks are the early version of what VIA plans to produce commercially later this year, Meisel said. The price for the trucks at “low volumes” should be in the $70,000 range, and it should continue to drop as production increases, he added. (electric motor conversion kits)
VIA isn’t the only company PG&E is turning to for converted hybrids with exportable power. The utility also is considering vehicles from Electric Vehicle International, which turns beefier pickup trucks to plug-in hybrids. VIA’s truck delivers 15 kilowatts of exportable power and is working on boosting that to 50 kilowatts while Electric Vehicle (EV) International is working on trucks with 100 kilowatts of exportable power. Figuring out a good way to cool the equipment that generates and routes the power becomes a greater hurdle as the size of exportable power increases.
PG&E and other fleet owners are turning to companies that can do after-market conversion for now partly because major automakers have yet to introduce the plug-in hybrid version of the trucks that the fleet owners want to buy.(EV motors) But that day will come if consumers continue to show interest in electric cars (and the prices for them drop). When that happens, companies such as VIA Motors may find it difficult to compete, said Kevin See, an analyst with Lux Research.
“There may be a short-lived window for them to make their mark,” See said. “I wouldn’t expect their businesses to be long-term because of the competition that will enter the market. (EV motor)” MSD
Electric vehicle owners can get a charge in Media now By: Susan L. Serbin
Filed Under: Electric Vehicles -
Media Borough has created another reason to make “Everybody’s Hometown” a destination. This time an initiative will make downtown the hometown for owners of electric vehicles (EV).
As only the third known location in Delaware County, Media has inaugurated a charging station in the municipal parking lot next to the Media Fire Department, across from Media-Upper Providence Library and one block from all that State Street has to offer.
The borough is participating in a pilot project for EV charging powered by 100 percent Pennsylvania wind energy. Borough officials and Community Energy, Inc. had the ribbon cutting recently, with attendance by representatives of the energy firm, Mayor Bob McMahon, Councilman Eric Stein, Environmental Advisory Council Chair Walt Cressler and several other borough staff member.
While the technology includes several cutting-edge elements, charging station operation is fairly simple: pull into the dedicated parking space (lot is between Jasper and Front streets just east of Jackson Street); plug the electric vehicle (EV) into the charger; dine, shop or attend to other borough business. In the span of an hour or two, EVs can be charged enough for at least several dozen miles.
“We are pleased to be partnering with Media Borough and the Media Fire Company as this becomes one of the first charging stations in the county,” said Jay Carlis, Vice President of Retail Marketing for Community Energy, Inc. based in Radnor. “This pilot project, funded by the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection, comes early in the electric vehicle transition. At the government level, Media has been a leader in environmental sustainability. This is a great location for residents and visitors.”
Carlis said there are electric vehicle (EV) charging stations in Radnor and Wayne and only a handful in the state, placing the borough in the forefront of the technology. To kick off the enterprise, he drove a Chevrolet Volt and hooked it up to demonstrate the virtual plug, charge and go technique.
Representatives from Thomas Chevrolet brought a second Volt. Amy Ercolani of Thomas said the dealership has sold several Volts, has one in stock, and expects the manufacturer to supply a small but steady stream of the model, which has a gasoline back-up capability. EVs are available from other automotive manufacturers as well.
Running at a 240-volt service, the public station works twice as fast as a charge from, for example, a home outlet which is generally half the volts. An hour charge is expected to cost $3.50 with Community Energy paying a fee to the borough for the actual electric used. The mileage value of a charge varies depending on the electric vehicle and road conditions, not unlike gas mileage. Not surprisingly, there are “apps” which can monitor the charge from mobile devices.
In the borough’s view, the station sends multiple signals about the alternative energy commitment which already includes a solar energy grid and wind-generated electricity purchase.
“I’m a strong supporter of renewable energy and any electric car conversion. I have solar energy at my home, so I’m not just talking theoretically,” said Stein, liaison to the Environmental Advisory Council. “It’s good for the economy, and good for the environment.” MSD Continued...
General Motors and Iberdola to study EV charging infrastructure in Spain, UK By: Sam Abuelsamid
Filed Under: Electric Vehicles -
General Motors will be collaborating with Spanish energy company Iberdola on a feasibility study to determine the infrastructure needs to support electric car motor vehicles in Europe. Similar studies are underway already between automakers and utility companies in the United States and elsewhere. The two companies have a relationship through other EV projects being run by EPRI. Under examination will be the needs for private, residential, and commercial customers as well as for publicly-accessible electric vehicle plugs. Among the issues that need to be resolved are how rates will be determined for EV (electric vehicle) charging and billing mechanisms. The study will be focused in Spain and the UK. As long as a good electric auto motor and electric vehicle motor controller can be procured, of which both can be procured at D&D Motor Systems, inc., anyone can build an EV car. (Electric car motors kits) MSD
Chrysler Unveils Dodge EV By: Ray Wert - Jalopnik.com
Filed Under: Electric Vehicles -
A Tesla-Like All-Electric Sports Car
Today on CNBC, Chrysler CEO Bob Nardelli revealed a Tesla -like all-electric performance sports car called the Dodge ev along with three other vehicles operating either partially or entirely on an electric powertrain. The four vehicles are Chrysler's ENVI electric car motor program, and include an extended -electric Chrysler minivan, a new "gated community" electric called "the peapod" and a Jeep Wrangler four-door. The ev (electric vehicle), the first of the four unveiled, not only operates entirely on plug-in power like the Tesla Roadster and appears to have similar performance numbers, also has some striking visual similarities with the Tesla. And why shouldn't it? While the Tesla's built on the Lotus Elise, the Dodge ev appears to be based on the Lotus Europa. (electric motor conversion kits)
Utilities: Grid can handle influx of electric cars By: AP
Filed Under: Electric Vehicles -
Which draws more juice from the electric grid, a big-screen plasma television or recharging an EV (electric vehicle)?
The answer is the car. But the electricity draw by plasma televisions is easing the minds of utility company executives across the nation as they plan for what is likely to be an electric car conversion of much of the country's vehicle fleet from gasoline to electricity in the coming years.
Rechargeable cars, industry officials say, consume about four times the electricity as plasma TVs.
But the industry already has dealt with increased electric demand from the millions of plasma TVs sold in recent years. Officials say that experience will help them deal with the vehicle fleet changeover to EV's. (electric motor conversion kits)
So as long as the changeover from internal combustion engines to electric vehicles is somewhat gradual, they should be able to handle it in the same way, Mark Duvall, program manager for electric transportation, power delivery and distribution for the Electric Power Research Institute, said Tuesday.
"We've already added to the grid the equivalent of several years' production of EV hybrids," Duvall said at a conference on EV's (electric vehicles) in San Jose. "The utilities, they stuck with it. They said, 'All right, that's what's happening. This is where the loads are going, and we're going to do this."'
Automakers, such as General Motors and Toyota , are planning to bring EV motors to the market as early as 2010. But speakers at the Plug-In 2008 conference say it will take much longer for them to arrive in mass numbers, due in part to a current lack of large-battery manufacturing capacity. (electric motor conversion kits) MSD
A New (Good) Look for Electric Cars By: JACK LOSH / LONDON
Filed Under: Electric Vehicles -
Electric cars or EVs (electric vehicles) have been around for almost 170 years, but it's not just the limitations of battery power that have thwarted their more widespread use. Since Scottish businessman Robert Anderson pioneered the first electric carriage in the 1830s, most EV's have lacked one of the key markers of auto success: good looks. Just take a look at La Jamais Contente, designed by Belgian Camille Jenatzy in 1899, or Billard and Zarpe's space-age oddity, the Elektra King (1961). Even today's EV models — the REVA, or Zaps Zebra — are proof that the best adjective to describe most electric cars remains quirky.
Now two new models show that green can be given a devastatingly cool makeover. Britain's Lightning GT and the U.S.-built Tesla Roadster both reach 60 m.p.h. in 4 seconds or less, their makers claim, with top speeds approaching 130 m.p.h. The Lightning GT - unveiled at London's International Motor Show last week and set to be available from the end of 2009 - sports an impressive, sleek and sexy design, drawing on Aston Martin's classic British look. Tesla, which launched its hot, little open-top two-seater a couple of years ago, has already sold out of the 2008 model and is eagerly taking reservations for 2009. Battery power has rarely, if ever, looked this good.
Converting gas-powered cars to electric By: Curt Merrill - CNN
Filed Under: Electric Vehicles -
Larry Horsley loves that he doesn't buy much gas, even though he drives his '95 Chevy S-10 back and forth to work each day. (Electric Car Conversion)
Horsley, a self-described do-it-yourselfer, simply plugs his EV motor(electric vehicle) truck into an electric wall outlet in his Douglasville, Georgia, garage and charges it overnight, instead of buying gasoline refined from mostly imported oil. Using electric motor conversion kits, many hobbyists are doing the same thing.
"If I can keep a dollar from going overseas, I'll spend two dollars," he said. The whole electric car motor conversion, including the truck and high performance EV motor, cost him about $12,000, which parts dealers say is about standard for an electric car conversion.
Another Atlanta-area tinkerer, David Kennington, converted his Honda Civic del Sol from gasoline to an EV for a different reason: "I'm a raging greenie," he said. (Electric Car Conversion)
Both Horsley and Kennington are fed up. They're among a growing number of Americans who are refusing to wait for big-car manufacturers to deliver a mainstream electric car, called EVs. Not only have they rebelled against the status quo by ripping out their gas-guzzling engines and replacing them with a zero-emission electric car motor, they say just about anyone can do an electric car conversion. As long as you get a good electric vehicle motor controller and electric auto motor, both can be purchased from D&D Motor Systems, Inc, you are well on your way. MSD